Anjaw District – A Hidden Gem of Northeast India

Nestled in the northeastern tip of Arunachal Pradesh, Anjaw District is a captivating blend of untouched wilderness, vibrant tribal traditions, and strategic geopolitical relevance. Officially established on 16 February 2004 after being carved out from Lohit District under the Arunachal Pradesh Re-organization of Districts Amendment Act, Anjaw Holds The Unique Distinction of being India’s easternmost district. It shares international borders with China to the north and Myanmar to the east, making it a critical frontier in India’s defense and border management.

Geography and Administrative Framework

Covering an expansive area of 6,190 square kilometers, Anjaw is defined by its rugged terrain, steep valleys, and dense forests. The district headquarters, Hawai, sits at an elevation of 1,296 meters above sea level along the banks of the Lohit River—a major tributary of the Brahmaputra.

Administratively, Anjaw is divided into eight circles: Hayuliang, Hawai, Manchal, Goiliang, Walong, Kibithoo, Chaglagam, and Metengliang. These circles are connected by winding roads and suspension bridges that traverse the district’s dramatic topography, offering both logistical challenges and scenic beauty.

Biodiversity and Natural Splendor

Anjaw is a sanctuary of biodiversity, boasting ecosystems that range from subtropical forests and alpine meadows to roaring rivers and cascading waterfalls. The district is home to several rare and endangered species, including:

• Mishmi takin
• Red goral
• Gongshan muntjac
• Leaf muntjac

Birdwatchers are particularly drawn to the elusive Sclater’s Monal, a vibrantly coloured pheasant that adds to the region’s ornithological allure. Anjaw also hosts the rare Pinus merkusii, a pine species found nowhere else in northeastern India, and a unique flying squirrel species, further underscoring its ecological importance.

Often referred to as “the land of hundreds of waterfalls,” Anjaw’s lush vegetation and dramatic terrain make it a paradise for nature lovers and eco-tourists.

Economy Rooted in Agriculture

Agriculture is the backbone of Anjaw’s economy. Farmers cultivate a diverse array of crops, including maize, millet, rice, beans, cardamom, oranges, pears, plums, and apples. While traditional jhum (slash-and-burn) cultivation remains prevalent, modern farming techniques are gradually gaining ground.

Cardamom farming, in particular, has seen significant growth, positioning Anjaw as a progressive agricultural district. Government initiatives have encouraged irrigation and sustainable practices, helping transform the region’s agrarian landscape.

Historical Evolution

Historically, Anjaw’s administrative roots trace back to British India when it was part of the Lakhimpur district. In 1914, the British established the North East Frontier Tract, dividing it into sections for better governance. The area now known as Anjaw fell under the Central and Eastern Section, later renamed the Sadiya Frontier Tract in 1919.

Post-independence, the region underwent several administrative changes. In 1952, the Mishmi Hills district was formed, with Hayuliang emerging as a key center. The formal creation of Anjaw in 2004 marked a pivotal moment in its governance and development trajectory.

Demographics and Settlement Patterns

According to the 2011 Census, Anjaw has a population of just 21,167, making it the second least populous district in India. With a population density of only 3.42 persons per square kilometer, it exemplifies remoteness and tranquility.

• Literacy rate: 59.4%
• Sex ratio: 805 females per 1,000 males
• Urban population: 982
• Rural population: 20,185
• Total villages: 278
• Households: Approximately 4,612

The district’s sparse population and serene environment make it an ideal retreat for those seeking solitude and natural beauty.

Indigenous Tribes and Cultural Legacy

Anjaw is primarily inhabited by two indigenous tribes: The Mishmi and the Meyor (also known as Zakhring). The Mishmi tribe is further divided into sub-groups Idu, Digaru, and Miju Mishmis each with its own dialects, customs, and spiritual practices.

The Mishmi people follow animistic beliefs, worshipping nature and ancestral spirits. Their rituals are deeply embedded in daily life and aim to maintain harmony with the environment. Some Mishmis have also embraced Hinduism and Buddhism, reflecting a rich tapestry of spiritual influences.

Traditional governance is maintained through a council of elders, who resolve disputes and uphold customary laws, ensuring social cohesion and cultural continuity.

Artistry, Craftsmanship, and Festivals

The Mishmi are celebrated for their craftsmanship, especially in weaving and bamboo work. Their textiles feature intricate geometric patterns and vibrant colors, used in traditional attire and ceremonial garments. Bamboo is skillfully crafted into household items, musical instruments, and architectural elements.

The Meyor tribe, residing mainly in Kibithoo and Walong, is known for its hospitality and rich oral traditions. They speak a Tibeto-Burman language, alongside Hindi and English. Their cultural calendar includes vibrant festivals such as:

• Losar (Tibetan New Year)
• Chalo Loku
• Tamladu

These festivals celebrate deities, seasonal cycles, and community spirit.

Tourism and Must-Visit Destinations

Anjaw’s untouched landscapes and cultural richness make it a promising destination for Eco-Tourism and Cultural Exploration. Key attractions include:

• Hayuliang: Known as “the place of suspension bridge,” offering panoramic views of the Lohit Valley.
• Hawai: The district headquarters, ideal for trekking and birdwatching.
• Chaglagam: A remote village near the Indo-China border, showcasing traditional Mishmi lifestyles.
• Walong: A site of historical significance due to the 1962 Sino-Indian War, also known for the scenic Namti Plains.
• Dong: India’s easternmost village, the first to receive sunlight each day perfect for sunrise treks.
• Kibithoo: A picturesque village near the China border, known for its strategic importance and stunning landscapes.

Conclusion

Anjaw District stands as one of India’s most secluded yet enchanting regions. With its rich biodiversity, tribal heritage, and pristine landscapes, it offers a unique blend of adventure, culture, and serenity. Whether you're a traveler seeking untouched beauty or a researcher exploring indigenous cultures, Anjaw promises an unforgettable experience.