INZ Journal

Introduction The development of archaeology in modern India can be traced from the early sixteenth century to the late nineteenth century, when the discipline was largely concerned with ancient Indian historical geography. Sites, inscriptions, coins, sculptures, and architecture were studied to reconstruct India’s past. By the dawn of the twentieth century, archaeology had begun to take shape as a systematic discipline, with excavations and surveys providing a clearer picture of India’s ancient civilizations. The Modern Era of Archaeology has since expanded through institutional support, scientific methods, and landmark discoveries. Early Institutional Framework The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), formally organized in 1861, became the central institution for archaeological research and heritage preservation. However, in its early years, the ASI faced interruptions and lacked a systematic policy for excavating historic settlements. Much of the work was limited to listing m...

Introduction The Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra, India, are globally recognized as masterpieces of Buddhist art and architecture. Dating from the 2nd century BCE to the 6th century CE, these caves embody centuries of devotion, creativity, and spiritual pursuit. Among them, Ajanta Cave 2 stands out for its intricate carvings, well-preserved murals, and its role as a monastery-like structure. Though smaller than Cave 1, it remains a remarkable example of the artistic brilliance and spiritual achievements of the Buddhist community. Architectural Features Ajanta Cave 2 shares similarities with Cave 1 but is more compact in design. At both ends of the verandah are small cells with pillared porches. The architrave above the pillars is divided into three panels, each adorned with symbolic carvings. On the right porch, the central panel depicts a seated naga king with attendants, while the side panels feature pot-bellied yakshas, one of whom represents Kubera in his Buddhist Form . On the l...